[Comparison of the intranasal and intraperitoneal injection of MPTP on density of dark neurons in pars compacta of substantia nigra in animal model of Parkinson's disease]

Background and Objective: Parkinson disease [PD] is the second most common neurologic disorder that results following degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of substintia nigra [SNc]. The 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine [MPTP] is a chemical neurotoxin that widely used in animal models of PD. This study was carried out to evaluate the numerical density of dark neurons [DNs] in the SNc in mice subjected to intraperitoneal and intranasal injection of different doses of MPTP

Methods: In this experimental study, 90 male adult BALB/c mice were randomly allocated int four experimental groups including: group 1 [MPTP was injected via i.p. at the dose of 20mg/kg per 2 hours for 4 times], group 2 [MPTP was injected via i.p. at the dose of 30mg/kg for 5 consecutive days], group 3 [MPTP was injected via i.n. at a single dose of 1mg/kg], group 4 [MPTP was injected via i.n. at a single dose of 1mg/kg], four sham and one normal groups. 20 days after the final injection, the animal's brain were removed and stained by toluidine blue. Numerical density of DNs was counted

Results: Intranasal injection of MPTP significantly increased density of dark neurons in the pars compacta of substintia nigra in compare to intraperitoneally injection of MPTP [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Intranasal injection of MPTP is more effective manner to induce degeneration of neurons in substintia nigra in animal model of Parkinson's disease

[Assessment of cognitive status and related factors in elder people in Rasht]

Introduction: Cognitive disorders are one of geriatrics outcomes that can cause a vast spectrum of disorders in older people. This change in cognitive function may see as an early sign before behavioral manifestations. Thus early diagnosis in high risk older people can be an important step in prevention in cognitive disorders and disabilities in this population. The purpose of this study is assessment of older people cognitive status based on demographic characteristics

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, descriptive study that was conducted in 1389-1388 in Rasht. 194 older people that retired form governmental organization participate in that and were selected in regular randomized sampling. The instrument for gathering data was Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] that has 5 parts in orientation, data recording, concentration and calculation, remembering and verbal skills. Data were assessed after gathering and were analyzed by SPSS v.16 and Kruskal Valise, Man Whitney U and Spear man statistical test

Results: The findings showed that among 194 older people 70.6 percent were man and 29.4 percent were women. 91 percent of illiteracy older people had normal cognitive status, 7.5 percent of them had mild cognitive disorder and 1.5 percent of them had moderate cognitive disorder. Among graduate persons, 82 percent had normal cognitive status, 17.3 percent had mild cognitive disorder and 0.8 percent had moderate cognitive disorder. Among demographic character [age, sex, marries, education and morbidity] cognitive status has a significant correlation with age [P<0.03], marriage status [P<0.002] and education [P<0.0001]

Conclusion: The study showed that cognitive status assessment by health care professionals can help in detecting the high risk patients and promote their caring. Moreover it can help to potential senilement health care and help to delay in starting and progressing cognitive disorders among older people

Experimental reconstruction of teat cutaneous wound by ear skin graft in dairy cattle

Teat lacerations are serious injuries that endanger the survival of a cow within the herd. In excessive lacerations, the wound should be left to heal by second intention healing process. However, tissue contraction during healing can change the alignment of the teat, creating problems for machine milking. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the transplantation of the full-thickness free skin graft in excessive teat lacerations. Four healthy, non pregnant, mixed Holstein-Friesian dairy cows with normal teats were used in the study. Under local anesthesia, a rectangular full thickness excision [2 Cmx2 Cm] was made on the lateral surface of the proximal part of the right and left fore teats of each cow, and simultaneously a rectangular full-thickness free skin graft [1.5 Cmx1.5 Cm] was harvested from the inner surface of the left pinna. The graft was then meshed and transplanted to the left teat defect. During a three-week study, the wound healing was evaluated clinically and at the end of the study, histopathologic samples [H andE staining] were taken from both wounds. The results of this study demonstrated that in non grafted wounds, severe wound contraction caused a deformity in normal anatomical structure of the teats. However, in grafted wounds successful graft take was recorded in all wounds, and the teats restored their functional and anatomical structure with satisfactory cosmetic appearance. According to the result of present study, it can be concluded that using full thickness free mesh skin graft can be considered a suitable method for treatment of excessive teat lacerations

[Incidence of neural tube defects and its risk factors in Yasuj, Iran [2000-10]]

The incidence of neural tube defects [NTDs] is varied according to race, geographical situation and other predisposing factors. This study was carried out to determine the incidence rate of NTDs and its risk factors in Yasuj, Iran. This case - control study was done on live newborns in Imam Sajad hospital, Yasuj, Iran during 2000-10. 78 neonates with NTDs out of 36755 live newborns were considered as cases. The control group was also consisting of the same number of healthy neonates who born at the same period and in the same hospital. Data were collected by a check-list and analyzed using SPSS-19, Chi-Square, Logistic regression and odd's ratio. The incidence rate of NTDs was 2.12 per 1000 live births. Anencephaly and Spina Bifida was detected in 59 [75.6%] and 19 [24.3%] of affected newborns, respectively. The ratio of females to males was 1.5 times. 53.85% of mothers with affected newborns were grouped in 27-36 years age range. The mean number of pregnancies and abortion between two groups of mothers had no statistical significant differences. There is no significant relation between the mothers occupation and the incidence of NTDs. 10 [12.8%] of mothers from case group and 7 [8.97%] of mothers from control group have used tobacco. 52 [66.7%] of mothers of case group and 30 [38.5%] of controls did not consumed folic acid. The relation between non-user folic acid during pregnancy with NTDs was significant [95% CI: 1.4-6.15, OR=2.93, P<0.001]. This study showed relatively high incidence of NTDs in Yasuj. Non-consuming folic acid increased the risk of NTD by 2.93 times

healing effect of Arnebia Euchroma in second degree burn wounds in rat as an animal model

Finding more efficient agents with fewer side effects for treatment of burns has always been a concern for researchers. Silver sulfadiazine [SSD], apparently due to its antimicrobial effect, is still one of the most common prescribed agents. Previous studies suggested that Arnebia euchroma [AE] has shown antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. This study investigates the healing effect of AE extract in comparison with SSD in second degree burn wounds. Forty eight female Wistar rats [220 +/- 20 g] were divided into four groups. Standard second degree burn wounds were induced on the back of their necks. One group was treated with SSD; two groups were treated with AE cream at concentrations of 10% [AE10] and 20% [AE20] and the control group which received no treatment. The duration of treatment was 28 days. This study revealed that AE and SSD noticeably improved re-epithelization, fibroblasts proliferation, and collagen bundle synthesis and had a noticeable anti-inflammatory effect compared with the control group. Results of the present study revealed that Arnebia euchroma herbal extract was an effective treatment for second degree burn wounds when compared with SSD

Tissue engineering using human mineralized bone xenograft and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells allograft in healing of tibial fracture of experimental rabbit model

Bone healing and its reconstruction in fractures, especially in long bones are of particular importance in regenerative medicine. This study compares the bone healing rate after a human xenograft of mineralized bone and together with an allograft of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs] in an experimental tibial bone fracture rabbit model. In fall 2009, twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 2 equal groups. In both groups, a 5 mm segmental defect was created in the right tibia. In group A, a scaffold pin was seeded with allogenic rabbit MSCs and was placed in the defect area and in group B, the defect was filled with an unseeded pin human mineralized bone xenograft. An untreated defect was induced in the left tibia of all animals serving as the control. After 4-8 weeks, the segmental defects were histologically evaluated and also by a compressive test. In groups A and B, healing and formation of new bony tissue were significantly more than the control group and with a significant less inflammation. Tissue engineering of mineralized bone xenograft and MSCs allograft may be significant steps in bone healing and regenerative medicine

[Mast cell numbers in aggressive periodontitis]

Aggressive periodontitis is a destructive disease that leads to a quick and extensive periodontal tissue loss. Mast cells are known to play important roles in allergic reactions, host defense against bacterial infections, local homeostasis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between mast cell numbers and aggressive periodontitis. A descriptive analytical and blind study was designed and gingival specimens from 19 moderate to advanced aggressive periodontitis sites [case group] and 18 gingivitis sites [control group] was taken during flap and crown lengthening surgeries. Toluidine blue and Hematoxylin Eosin staining were done for mast cell counting and inflammation assessment, respectively. Inflammatory and mast cells in 5 micron sections were assessed by two trained observers utilizing light microscopy. ANOVAs and T test with an alpha error level less than 5% were used to analyze the data. The mean values of the mast cell numbers were 7.6 +/- 10.8 and 9.8 +/- 13.0 in aggressive periodontitis and gingivitis sites, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among the mast cell counts, clinical attachment loss, or pathologic inflammation [P> 0.05]. The present study indicates that mast cell numbers were not significantly different between aggressive periodontitis and gingivitis. Further studies are required to evaluate dynamic aspects of host defense

[Relationship of body mass index with psychological characteristics [on mmpi-2] in obese patients]

Obesity is an illness with destructive effects on health. Although psychological factors are important in the development of obesity, there is a little information about such factors because of limited data about psychological aspects of obesity in our society. To assess them in obese individuals. This research is carried out with 113 obese [94 women, 19 men] people in nutrition clinic of Rasht, northern Iran. They were selected based on Body Mass I ndex [BMI>25 kg/m[2]]. The instrument used was Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI- 2]. Mean age of the samples was 31 years, and the range of BMI was 25/67 to 48/55. Data showed that scale hypochondriasis [Hs] in obese women and men, and scale psychasthenia [Pt] in men, are high. BMI was not correlated with the scales of MMPI-2. According to [MMPI-2] scales, the profile of obese men and women was normal. Since T scores in scales of Hs for obese women, and Hs and Pt scales in obese men were higher than 65, these cases are vulnerable for hypochondriasis and anxiety

Protective effect of zizphus vulgaris extract, on liver toxicity in laboratory rats

Some of natural and synthetic products have antioxidant properties which protect the liver against the destructive factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Zizphus Vulgaris extracts on mice liver. This experimental study was conducted at Yasouj University of Medical Sciences in 2010 on 30 healthy adult male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into five equal groups: the control group [receiving, olive oil], control group [receiving olive oil and carbon tetrachloride and three intervention groups] receiving different dose of carbon tetrachloride and olive oil] groups. The intervention group was given daily doses of 200, 400 and 600 mg per Kg of Zizphus Vulgaris extract by gavage respectively. After 45 days, the amount of liver enzymes, total protein, albumin and bilirubin in animal's sera were measured. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software, using ANOVA and t-test. The concentration of total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, ALP in test groups I, II and III receiving Z.Vulgaris extract [200, 400 and 600 mg/kg weight] compared with control group were statistically not significant. Consumption of Z.Vulgaris reduced the bilirubin concentration in test groups I and II but this decrease was significant only in the test group I of Z.Vulgaris dose in the test group III [600 mg Z.Vulgaris per kg body weight] showed increase in the level of serum bilirubin. Increase in the ratio of liver weight to body weight of rats in groups I and III in comparison with control groups was noticed although this difference was not statistically significant. Findings of this study revealed that dosage of 600 mg/kg extract of Z.Vulgaris caused significant improvements in CCU induced liver necrosis [P< 0.01] and reduced portal cells inflammation [P <0.01]. Dose of 400 mg/kg of Z.Vulgaris induced some destruction and necrosis of liver cells in animals but significant reduction of portal cells inflammation was seen. Considering the obtained results, it seems that Ziziphus vulgaris fruit extract has shielding effects against toxins on liver cells

[Comparison of ADHD [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] prevalence between female and male students of primary schools in Arak City in academic year of 2009-2010]

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of ADHD [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder] between female and male students of primary schools in Arak City. This study was a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional study which included 2000 female and male students of primary schools in Arak City between 2009 and 2010. The method of sampling was stratification. We used Intelligence-Matrix of Raven Scale intelligence, Canners questionnaire [parents and teachers] to study ADHD, the demographic checklist for recording students' demographic data, and K-SADS-E questionnaire to document diagnosis of ADHD. Data were introduced into SPSS software and analyzed by chi-square test to determine the relationship between qualitative variables and also logistic regression model to determine odds ratio. In this study among 2000 students, 168 were suffering from one type of ADHD. Also this study showed that the prevalence of attention deficit was 2.3 percent [%1.6 in boys and%2.9 in girls], prevalence of the combined type of disorder was 2.7 percent [%3 in boys and%1.3 in girls]. There were a significant relationship between prevalence of ADHD and each of the following variables including: gender [p<0/001], educational level [p<0/027], and monthly family income of the students who were suffering from ADHD [p<0.019], but there was no significant relationship between the parents' educational level, the parents' occupation, living in areas polluted with heavy metals, living style and ADHD. According to the results of this study we recommend that the educational departments in every city provide training programs for the teachers and parents about the identification of signs and symptoms of ADHD to prevent deterioration of ADHD and educational problems in the children

Biodegradation of reactive orange 16 by Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus; application in a fluidized bed bioreactor

Application of a fluidized bed bioreactor working for treatment of colored wastewaters has been studied using Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungus immobilized in calcium alginate biogel beads. The working volume of the bioreactor was 1 L; experiments were performed at room temperature and pH of culture medium was initially adjusted to 4. Manganese Peroxidase activity, glucose and ammonium concentrations have been assayed daily along the 7 operating days. Azo dye Reactive Orange 16 was added to the bioreactor after 7 days of incubation and decolorization was assayed by spectrophotometer for 1 h intervals. Maximum Manganese peroxidase activity of 96 +/- 8 U/L was obtained on day 7, and 70 +/- 3% decolorization was achieved after 6 h of dye addition. The results were compared to free cell cultures from previous studies and the role of agitation and immobilization of cells in increasing of the efficiency of decolorization was discussed. The mechanism and morphology of the immobilization of cells in ca-alginate beads were studied and the relationship between glucose and ammonium consumption and ligninolytic activity of fungi were discussed

[Determining the effect of zizphus jujba extract together with phototherapy in reducing bilirubin concentration in neonatal jaundice]

Neonatal jaundice is observed in the first week of birth among 60% of mature and 80% of immature neonates. This epidemic puts a lot of cost on the society. Today, phototherapy is used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Reducing the treatment period decreases the hospitalization costs. The Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Zizphus Jujba extract and phototherapy on reducing both Bilirubin concentration and also the hospitalization period of neonatal jaundice patients. This was a clinical-trial study which was conducted at Imam Sajjad Hospital of Yasuj in 2009. 121 of the hospitalized neonates were chosen and divided into 2 groups: case group [63 neonates] and control group [58 neonates]. 1 cc of the Zizphus Jujba extract per each kilogram of body weight was orally given three times a day to the case group. Also phototherapy was used in the case group. Phototherapy was the only treatment used for the control group. The Bilirubin concentration of the hospitalized patients was measured two times a day in the hospitalization period. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software using t-test. The mean and standard deviation of the Bilirubin concentration in the control group before the intervention were 20.9 +/- 2.3 milligrams per 100 and after intervention was 12.27 +/- 1.23 milligrams per 100 while in the case group before intervention was 22.3 +/- 0.05 and after intervention was 12.27 +/- 1.01 milligrams per hundred. A significant difference was seen between the case and control group before and after intervention [p=0.001. Moreover, a meaningful reduction of the hospitalized days and a meaningful increase of excrement and urine in the case group were observed. This study revealed that administration of Zizphus Jujba extract with increasing amount of excrement and urine of the neonates can lead to Bilirubin discharge and can be effective on curing neonatal jaundice

Use of a-interferon, amantadin and isoprinosine in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis [SSPE]: comparing the effectiveness

Sub acute Sclerosing Pan Encephalitis [SSPE], a progressive neurological disorder characterized by inflammation of the brain [encephalitis], is the result of an inappropriate immune response to the measles virus or measles vaccination. SSPE usually develops 2 to 10 years after the original viral attack. Some of the major signs and symptoms are mental deterioration, jerky movements, and seizures specially myoclonic type, involuntary movements, and/or behavioral changes, difficulty in walking, speech, and loss of cognition, respiratory distress and death. During the ten years, from July 1991 to July 2001, we admitted 45 cases of [SSPE], at different stages of the disorder. Regardless of their stage of disease, for intervention, randomly, we used one of three drugs; Amantadin, Interferon alfa and Isoprinosine, administered to the patients, for between one month to one year. Fourteen cases received Amantadin, 15 Alfa interferon, and 16 were given Isoprinosine. While the results show all three drugs to be relatively effective, Isoprinosine showed four times more effectiveness than Amantadin and twice as much as Interferon. The results showed Isoprinosine to be much more effective than Amantadin and Alfa interferon in treating the condition

[Hypolipidemic effects of allium porrum l. leaves in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice]

There is evidence about medicinal effects of Allium porrum, Liliaceae [leek] in Iranian traditional medicine. The plant has many properties such as improvement of digestive defects, atherosclerosis, joins pain, respiratory inflammation and kidney stone disease. The hypolipidemic effect of leek is investigated in diabetic rabbit, but its hypoglycaemic effect is unknown yet. In the present study the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Allium porrum L. [Leek] leaves was investigated in both normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The animals were made diabetic using by streptozotocin [60 mg/kg, i.p.]. The ethanolic extract at doses 100, 200, 250 and 300 mg / kg, i.p. were administered for 14 days intraperitoneally. Blood samples were obtained from heart after 14 days. The healthy and diabetic control groups were administered saline as vehicle of extract. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured by glucose oxidase and radioimmunoassay methods, respectively. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of leek significantly reduced the serum glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice but not in healthy mice. Also, the ethanolic extract increased serum insulin in diabetic mice. LD50 of ethanolic extract was measured 3500 mg/kg. The present data indicates that extract of leek has hypoglycaemic effect on diabetic animals by releasing insulin from pancreatic beta cells. So, this plant should be considered in future therapeutic researches

[ study on the knowledge, attitude and function of gestated mother's about gestational diabetes that referred to Army Khanvadeh Hospital from 2005 to 2006]

Background: the gestational diabetes is a disorder at tolerate of carbohydrates that for the first time has diagnosed in the gestational period. The risk factors that increased conflict mother to gestational diabetes include : age more than 30 years, history of diabetes disease in family hypertension, gravid more than 5, history of abortion or premature birth. The goal of this study is evaluation of knowledge, attitude and function of gestated mother's about gestational diabetes

Material and method: in this study 200 pregnant women who referred to army khanvadeh hospital from 2005 to 2006 have evaluated

Results: %62 of women had moderate knowledge and %77 had positive attitude and%69 had moderate function. Women who used from informative source include book-journal - news paper had better knowledge, attitude and function. Women with gestational age less than 12 weeks, gravid less than 2 and without abortion had better knowledge, attitude and function than others. Knowledge, attitude and function in persons more then 35 years were greater

Conclusion: preparing proper educational project about pregnancy with special note on gestational diabetes for increasing knowledge, attitude and function of gestated mother's, causes decreased high risk pregnancies and promotes the level of healthy mother and birth the safe neonate

[ study on effects of zinc supplementation on growth of school children in Yasuj]

Zinc is an important nutrient which is critical for normal immune function and physical growth. Zinc deficiency seems to be common in developing countries and this makes children in those countries prone to infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of zinc supplementation on growth of school children in Yasuj, in Southwest of Iran. The study was done as a double - blinded clinical trial. Eight hundreds and four school children aged 8-11 were the subjects of this study. Children were randomly assigned to zinc or placebo group to receive daily supplementation of zinc or placebo, in an identical form [syrup] and identical pre-coded containers, 6 days per week, for 7 months. Anthropometric assessment was first performed at the time of enrolment and then monthly. The data were analyzed by standard statistical tests using SPSS software. Results showed significant weight gain in zinc supplemented group compared with placebo group [1.71 +/- 1.48 VS 0.65 +/- 1.98; p<0.0001]. Also the mean height gain was significantly higher in zinc supplemented group than placebo group 3.26 +/- 1.55 VS 1.65 +/- 0.94; p<0.0001]. Zinc supplementation improves children's growth and measures should be taken to supply this nutrient to the children, particularly where zinc deficiency is common

[Characterization of leishmania parasites isolated from kala- azar patients in kohgiloyeh and boyerahmad, using semi-nested PCR]

Visceral leishmaniasis [VL] is a disease commonly known as Kala-azar caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania including L. donovani, L. infantum and L. chagasi. VL is sporadic in manyareas of Iran and is endemic in a few provinces such as Fars, Azarbayjan, Bushehr, Ardabil and Qom. VL has been reported from some areas of Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad and this study aimed to characterize the causative agent of VL in this region. Bone marrow sample was obtained from 6 VL patients from children department in Imam Sajad hospital in Yasuj. DNA was extracted from the obtained samples and was checked by semi-nested PCR to determine the species of the parasite. To do that, a segment of minicircle kinetoplast DNA was amplified, using LINR4 and LIN17 primers. Products of PCR were evaluated by electrophoresis, using 1.5% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. Parasitologically examination of bone marrow smears demonstrated amastigotes form of the parasite in the samples. For mass cultivation, isolated parasites were cultured in diphasic NNN followed by RPMI 1640 media. All the samples produced a 720 bp band in PCR assay. The isolates were compared with referent strains and it was revealed that all the isolates were L. infantum. Findings of this study demonstrated that the causative agent of VL in Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad was L. infantum. Further study is needed to explore other aspects of VL in this region

Agreement between adolescents and their parents recognition of personality patterns

Study of an individuals personality is much significant in predicting his behavior. This study aimed at determining personality patterns for adolescents and its agreement with their parents' viewpoints in this regard. In this descriptive - analytical study, the personality pattern of 400 male and female students [aged 12-18] at guidance and high-schools in Yasuj were studied using the personality questionnaire of Eysenck in 1382. The students' parents also completed the same questionnaire. Sampling method was cluster and simple random. Then the data were analyzed using SPSS and non-parametrical tests such as Wilcoxon, Kruskall Wallis. The correlation between the students and their parents' personality patterns proved to be week or moderate. Guidance School girls had the most difficulty in establishing relations with others [70.6%]; guidance school boys were the most quarrelsome [45.8%]; high-school boys were the most adventurous [71.4%]; guidance school girls were the most observant of rules and regulations [68.3%]; guidance school girls were also the most observant of others' rights [58.3%]; and high school girls experienced the most stress and anxiety [83.1%]. The average rate of extroversion with these subjects was lower than that of other studies; however, the average rate of psychosis, neurosis and telling lie was higher. From the variables studied, only the illiteracy of mother had a significant effect on extroversion. Further studies are recommended so that appropriate guidelines can be developed for parents and instructors

[Effects of Methanolic extract of Achillea Wilhelmsii C.koch on seizure induced by Picrotoxin in mice]

Some therapeutic effects of medicinal plants such as Achillea have been known for many years ago. In this investigation, the effects of methanolic extract of Achillea Wilhelmsii C. Koch on seizure induced by picrotoxin was studied in mice. This study was performed on animals pretreated with different experimental doses of percolated extract of Achillea Wilhelmsii via intraperitoneal injection and 20 minutes after extract injections, each animal received picrotoxin 10 mg/kg for induction of generalized tonic and clonic seizure. Latency of onset and duration of seizure, death time and percent of mortality were determined. The results showed that pretreatment of animals with different doses of extracts did not change the beginning time of seizure induced by picrotoxin. The duration of seizure increased [p<0.01], but the severity of seizures was milder than control group. In addition, all doses of extract lengthened the time of death [p<0.01]. The mortality rate was decreased with dose of 50 and 100 m a g [p<0.05, p<0.01, respectively]. The results showed that the dose of 100mg/kg is the most effective one. The extract of Achillea Wilhelmsii decreased the severity of generalized tonic and clonic seizure induced by picrotoxin and lengthened the death time; therefore it is a suitable for continuing investigation as anticonvulsant drug